Beta has an old transclusion table, but it shares a cache with production to my knowledge – so even though astro's transclusion table was correct, some old versions of pages were appearing, because the cache had been seeded from beta.

It's likely that the index will need to be moved into the DB to fix this fully, but at least for now we need to ensure that beta and astro look at the same version of the index, and warn transclusion editors to use only production.