What exactly is meant by "English (United States)" as supported language in Microsoft Store?
That gets extracted from the app package. We probably can't change that, because the tools creating this packages extract the information automatically form the software. And they have no idea how Picard is localized. This probably only works reliable for UWP software. But I'll investigate.
And what is this version 17135.0? Is this the technical name for b1709?
17135 is the Windows build number, which is just counting upwards. Most builds are either Microsoft internal or maybe are then provided via their preview tiers. 17135 specifically is a build number of after the 1803 release, so for all practical purposes this would usually mean the minimum you need to have installed is 1809 (which has a build number of 17763).
The release numbers like 1803 or currently 1909 indicate the year of release (e.g. 19) and the month (09). Event though 09 is September, but it gets called "October" update and the time the end user gets it often is even later.
You can see the build number of your Windows 10 in Settings > About at the end under "Windows specifications". Mine is version 1909, build number 18363.657. 17135 just happens to be the oldest version supported for newly uploaded packages to the store the MakeAppx tool used for packaging.
After some testing a final note: We should only list languages here for which we have the store texts translated. This is currently only done for 9 languages except English. But more can be translated at https://www.transifex.com/musicbrainz/musicbrainz/picard_appstream/
For now I also won't add any English variant as it requires duplicated maintenance.