I have "Standardize Artist Names" off in all cases.

Example release: https://musicbrainz.org/release/a6f975b9-ab03-4f43-89b9-14cfde95c008

If I have "translate to locale" turned on, Picard will use "Churches". With it off, Picard uses "CHVRCHES", which is the artist credit on the release.

There are no aliases with any locale set on them, so this isn't PICARD-157. There's no alias for "Churches" at all. As far as I can tell, that's only in the database as the artist sort name. I can see where the sort name is a good fallback for an english locale, but it's not needed in this case - "CHVRCHES" is already entirely in latin script.

My best guess is Picard is looking at the main artist name of "CHVRCHΞS" instead of the release's artist credit, seeing that "Ξ" there, and deciding it needs to translate, then finding only the sort name as a fallback. Is that right? It seems like with "Standardize artist names" turned off, it should instead look at the artist credit in question, which doesn't have the "Ξ", and then do nothing.